英语动词的过去式和过去分词形式可以分为规则和不规则两大类。规则动词的过去式和过去分词通过在词尾加上“ed”来构成。对于以“e”结尾的动词,只需加上“d”;而以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,则需要将辅音字母双写后再加“ed”。与此相对,不规则动词的过去式和过去分词形式则没有固定的变化规则,某些动词的过去式和过去分词相同,而其他的则有所不同。
(1)AAA型动词
这类动词的过去式和过去分词形式完全相同,常见的有:
bet(打赌):bet, bet
cast(投掷):cast, cast
cost(花费):cost, cost
cut(切割):cut, cut
hit(打击):hit, hit
hurt(受伤):hurt, hurt
read(阅读):read, read
put(放置):put, put
set(设定,放置):set, set
(2)XTT型动词
这一类动词的过去式和过去分词不相同,其中的过去式通常是通过内部变化形成的:
build(建造):built, built
bend(弯曲):bent, bent
lend(借):lent, lent
mean(意味着):meant, meant
send(发送):sent, sent
spend(花费):spent, spent
deal(处理):dealt, dealt
feel(感受):felt, felt
lose(丢失):lost, lost
keep(保持):kept, kept
learn(学习):learnt/learned, learnt/learned
leave(离开):left, left
dream(做梦):dreamt/dreamed, dreamt/dreamed
burn(燃烧):burnt/burned, burnt/burned
sleep(睡觉):slept, slept
sweep(扫):swept, swept
weep(哭泣):wept, wept
spit(吐):spat/spit, spat/spit
light(点亮):lit/lighted, lit/lighted
meet(遇见):met, met
sit(坐):sat, sat
spill(溢出,洒落):spilt, spilt
leap(跳跃):leapt, leaped
(3)ought/aught型动词
这一类动词的过去式和过去分词也是通过内部变音形成的,常见的有:
buy(购买):bought, bought
bring(带来):brought, brought
catch(捕捉):caught, caught
fight(战斗):fought, fought
seek(寻找):sought, sought
think(思考):thought, thought
teach(教):taught, taught
(4)XDD型动词
这一类动词的过去式和过去分词通常也会有变化,过去式和过去分词有时完全一致:
flee(逃跑):fled, fled
hear(听见):heard, heard
lay(放下,下蛋):laid, laid
lie(撒谎):lied, lied
pay(支付):paid, paid
retell(复述):retold, retold
say(说):said, said
sell(出售):sold, sold
tell(告诉):told, told
make(制作):made, made
feed(喂养):fed, fed
bleed(流血):bled, bled
find(找到):found, found
hold(握住):held, held
lead(引导):led, led
found(建立):founded, founded
wind(蜿蜒,缠绕):wound, wound
have(拥有):had, had
flee(逃避):fled, fled
spellbind(迷住):spellbound, spellbound
(5)XOO型动词
这些动词的过去式和过去分词也存在变化,具体形式如下:
shine(发光):shone, shone
win(获胜):won, won
get(得到):got, got
shoot(射击):shot, shot
stand(站立):stood, stood
misunderstand(误解):misunderstood, misunderstood
(6)XUU型动词
这一类动词在变化时通常会出现特定的音变:
dig(挖掘):dug, dug
hang(悬挂,绞死):hung/hanged, hung/hanged
stick(粘贴,刺):stuck, stuck
swing(摆动):swung, swung
(7)XAU型动词
这类动词的变化也比较规则,常见的有:
begin(开始):began, begun
drink(喝):drank, drunk
ring(响铃):rang, rung
run(跑):ran, run
shrink(缩水):shrank, shrunk
sing(唱歌):sang, sung
sink(下沉):sank, sunk
spring(跳跃):sprang, sprung
swim(游泳):swam, swum
(8)XN型动词
这类动词通常包含不规则的变化:
bear(承受):bore, born
blow(吹):blew, blown
draw(画,拖):drew, drawn
fly(飞):flew, flown
grow(成长,种植):grew, grown
know(知道):knew, known
lie(躺,位于):lay, lain
sew(缝合):sewed, sewn
sow(播种):sowed, sown
swear(发誓,咒骂):swore, sworn
tear():tore, torn
throw(扔):threw, thrown
wear(穿着):wore, worn
(9)XEN型动词
这一类动词的过去式和过去分词变化也较为复杂:
write(写):wrote, written
wake(叫醒):woke, woken
undertake(承担):undertook, undertaken
take(拿):took, taken
swell(肿胀):swelled, swollen
strike(撞击):struck, stricken
steal(偷窃):stole, stolen
speak(说):spoke, spoken
shake(摇动):shook, shaken
see(看见):saw, seen
rise(上升):rose, risen
ride(骑行):rode, ridden
prove(证明):proved, proven
mistake(误认):mistook, mistaken
hide(隐藏):hid, hidden
give(给):gave, given
forbid(禁止):forbade, forbidden
forget(忘记):forgot, forgotten
forgive(原谅):forgave, forgiven
freeze(冻结):froze, frozen
drive(驾驶):drove, driven
eat(吃):ate, eaten
fall(掉落):fell, fallen
choose(选择):chose, chosen
break(打破):broke, broken
bite(咬):bit, bitten
arise(出现):arose, arisen
awake(醒来):awoke, awoken
be(是,存在):was/were, been
beat(击打):beat, beaten
melt(融化):melted, molten
(10)其他型动词
这些动词的变化方式比较特殊:
become(变成):became, become
come(来):came, come
overcome(克服):overcame, overcome
do(做):did, done
go(去):went, gone
这些动词的过去式和过去分词形式有着明显的变化,且无固定规律,因此在学习时需要单独记忆。
在英语学习中,掌握动词的不同变化形式是非常重要的一环。无论是规则动词还是不规则动词,它们的不同形式构成了语言表达中的基础,帮助我们准确传达时间、动作和状态的变化。对于不规则动词,尽管变化复杂,但只要通过大量的阅读和练习,便能逐渐熟练掌握。