英语语法：with复合结构的常见用法
一、with复合结构的概念与构成
"With复合结构"是指由“with+宾语+宾语补足语”构成的句型。这种结构常常用于表达某个动作或状态的背景信息，通常用来描述主句动作发生时的附加情况。
例如：
With his homework finished, he went out playing football with his friends happily.
(他写完作业后，开心地和朋友们一起踢足球。)
二、with复合结构的常见用法
with + 宾语 + 副词
这种结构中，副词修饰主句动词，通常表示附加的情境或特征。
The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
(当所有的灯都亮着时，广场看起来更加美丽。)
With his parents away, Tom becomes naughtier.
(父母不在时，汤姆变得更加淘气了。)
with + 宾语 + 形容词
在这个结构中，形容词用来描述宾语的状态或特征。
With the door and windows open, the room was very cold.
(门窗敞开，房间里非常冷。)
With her parents dead, the girl had to leave school.
(女孩的父母去世后，她只好辍学。)
with + 宾语 + 介词短语
当with后跟介词短语时，表示宾语所处的具体环境或情况。
The teacher came in with a book in his hand.
(老师手里拿着一本书走了进来。)
The girl looked up with tears in her eyes.
(那女孩眼里泪水，抬起了头。)
with + 宾语 + 名词
这种结构表示宾语与后面的名词之间的关系，通常是名词作为宾语补足语。
They set up a football team, with Tom their head.
(他们成立了一支足球队，汤姆是队长。)
With a native guide, we needn't be afraid of getting lost.
(有当地导游带领，我们不必担心迷路。)
with + 宾语 + 现在分词
这种结构中，宾语和现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，描述的是正在发生的动作。
With summer coming, the weather is becoming hotter.
(随着夏天的临近，天气变得越来越热。)
With the teacher standing beside, she felt a bit uneasy.
(老师站在旁边，她感到有些不自在。)
with + 宾语 + 过去分词
如果宾语和过去分词之间有动宾关系，这种结构通常表示某个动作已完成。
With the work done, she felt greatly relieved.
(工作完成后，她松了一口气。)
With his hair cut, he looks much younger.
(理了头发后，他显得年轻了许多。)
with + 宾语 + 不定式
不定式用于表达将来发生的动作，通常表示某个条件下某个动作或结果。
With her to go with us, we're sure to have a pleasant journey.
(有她和我们一起去，我们的旅途一定会很愉快。)
With Mr. Smith to teach them English next term, they will greatly improve in spoken English.
(下学期由史密斯先生教授英语，他们的口语将有显著提升。)
三、扩展
在否定形式中，"with"可以被"without"替换，构成“without + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”的结构。
例如：
The house caught a big fire last night, without anything left in it.
(昨晚那座房子发生了大火，什么都没剩下。)
四、巩固练习
用括号内单词的正确形式填空：
(1) The girl sat there quite silent and still, with her eyes ________ (fix) on the wall.
(2) I live in the house with its door ________ (face) to the south.
(3) They pretended to be working hard all night, with their lights ________ (burn).
用with复合结构完成下列句子：
(1) ________________ (有很多工作要做), I couldn't go to see the doctor.
(2) ________________ (心存梦想), he went to Hollywood.
【参考答案】
(1) fixed
解析：由短语"fix one's eyes on"可知，"eyes"是“with”结构中的宾语，而宾语补足语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，因此使用过去分词形式表示被动含义。
(2) facing
解析：在“with”结构中，"door"作为宾语，与宾语补足语构成主谓关系，因此应该使用现在分词表示主动含义。
(3) burning
解析：“lights”作为“with”结构中的宾语，与宾语补足语构成主谓关系，所以要用现在分词。
(1) With a lot of work to do
(2) With a dream in his heart